POLONNARUWA SRILANKA

Here’s a detailed overview of Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, highlighting its history, culture, architecture, and significance.

Introduction to Polonnaruwa

Polonnaruwa is one of the ancient capitals of Sri Lanka, situated in the North Central Province. This UNESCO World Heritage Site is renowned for its well-preserved ruins that showcase the grandeur of the Sinhalese civilization during the 11th to 13th centuries. The city reflects a rich tapestry of history, culture, and religion.

Historical Background

Early History

Polonnaruwa became the capital of Sri Lanka during the reign of King Vijayabahu I in the late 11th century after the Chola invasion. The city flourished under the rule of the Parakramabahu I in the 12th century, who is credited with significant developments in architecture, irrigation, and trade.

The Chola Influence

Before becoming the Sinhalese capital, Polonnaruwa was under Chola rule, which left a lasting impact on the region. This influence is evident in some of the architectural styles and religious practices.

Decline and Legacy

Following the reign of Parakramabahu I, the city gradually declined due to political instability and invasions. By the 13th century, the focus of power shifted to other regions, leading to Polonnaruwa's abandonment. Over centuries, the site became overgrown and forgotten until archaeological efforts in the 19th century revived interest.

Architectural Marvels

Polonnaruwa is celebrated for its remarkable architectural feats, blending Hindu and Buddhist influences. The ruins can be divided into several key areas:

The Royal Palace

The Royal Palace complex, once a majestic residence, showcases remnants of grand architecture, including the impressive audience hall and the king's council chamber. The use of stone and intricate carvings highlight the craftsmanship of the period.

The Gal Vihara

One of the most iconic sites in Polonnaruwa, Gal Vihara features a series of magnificent rock-cut sculptures of the Buddha. The largest figure is a reclining Buddha, measuring approximately 14 meters in length. The intricate details and serene expressions of the statues are testaments to the artistic prowess of the era.

The Shiva Devale

This temple is dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva and showcases the cultural syncretism of the time. The architecture features beautifully carved stone pillars and intricate sculptures, reflecting the artistic influences from South India.

The Quadrangle

The Quadrangle area is a collection of stunning ancient buildings, including the Vatadage, a circular relic house surrounded by intricately carved stone pillars. The architectural layout and aesthetic appeal make it a focal point for visitors.

Stupas and Temples

Polonnaruwa is dotted with stupas, such as the Rankot Vihara and the Kiri Vihara, which exemplify the Buddhist architectural style. These stupas served as important religious sites, housing relics and attracting pilgrims.

Cultural Significance

Polonnaruwa holds great cultural and religious significance for Sri Lankans. The city is a reflection of the country's rich Buddhist heritage and is often visited by pilgrims seeking to connect with their spiritual roots. Festivals and rituals are held at various temples, drawing both local and international visitors.

Irrigation and Agriculture

One of the remarkable achievements of the Polonnaruwa civilization was its sophisticated irrigation system. The introduction of the Parakrama Samudra, an extensive reservoir system, allowed for effective agricultural practices, ensuring food security and prosperity. This advanced engineering showcases the ingenuity of ancient Sri Lankan civilization.

Modern-day Polonnaruwa

Today, Polonnaruwa is a vibrant town that attracts tourists, historians, and archaeologists. Efforts to preserve the ancient ruins are ongoing, with the Archaeological Department of Sri Lanka playing a crucial role in maintaining the site's integrity. The town itself offers modern amenities while retaining its historical charm.

Conclusion

Polonnaruwa stands as a testament to Sri Lanka's rich history and cultural heritage. Its ancient ruins narrate the stories of kings, architectural brilliance, and spiritual devotion. As one of the key historical sites in the country, it continues to inspire awe and curiosity among visitors, making it an essential destination for those exploring the depths of Sri Lanka's past.